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References
- Aarts, K., & Semetko, H. (2003). The divided electorate: Media use and political involvement. Journal of Politics, 65, 759-784.
- Ansolabehere, S., & Iyengar, S. (1995). Going Negative. New York: Free Press.
- Belkin, N. (1978). Information concepts for information science. Journal of Documentation, 34, 55-85.
- Buckland, M. (1991). Information as thing. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 42, 351-360.
- Burgoon, J., Bonito, J., Bengtsson, B., Cederberg, C., Lundeberg, M., & Allspach, L. (2000). Interactivity in human-computer interaction:A study of credibility, understanding, and influence. Computers in Human Behavior, 16, 553-574.
- Capella, J., & Jamieson, K. (1997). Spiral of Cynicism. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Cappella, J., & Jamieson, K. (1997). Spiral of cynicism: The press and the public good. New York: Oxford University Press
- Carpini, D., MX, & Keeter, S. (1996). What Americans know about politics and why it matters. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
- Critchfield, R. (1998). Credibility and web site design http://www.warner.edu/critchfield/hci/critchfie ld.html
- De Vreese, C. (2005). The spiral of cynicism reconsidered: The mobilizing function of news. European Journal of Communication, 20(3), 283-301.
- De Vreese, C., & Boomgaarden, H. (2006). News, political knowledge and participation: The differential effects of news media exposure on political knowledge and participation. Acta Politica, 41, 317-341.
- Dervin, B. (1977). Useful theory for librarianship: Communication not information. Drexel Library Quarterly, 13, 16-32.
- Eveland, W., & Scheufele, D. (2000). Connecting news media use with gaps in knowledge and participation. Political Communication, 17(3), 215-237.
- Fogg, B. (1999). Persuasive technologies - Now is your chance to decide what they will persuade us to do-and how they'll do it. Communications of the ACM, 42, 26-29.
- Fogg, B., & Tseng, H. (1999). The elements of computer credibility. Paper presented at the Conference on Human Factors and Computing Systems, Pittsburgh, PA May 15-20, 1999.
- Fogg, B., Marshall, J., Laraki, O., Osipovich, A., Varma, C., Fang, N., et al. (2000). Elements that affect Web credibility: Early results from a self-report study.
- Grabe, M. E., Lang, A., & Zhao, X. (2003). News content and form: Implications for memory and audience evaluations. Communication Research, 30(4), 387-413.
- Graber, D. (1993). Political communication: Scope, progress, promise. Political Science:The State of Discipline. Washington: APSA, 306.
- Fladmore, A., & Stromback, J. (2012). media, political trust, and political knowledge: A comparative perspective. In A. T. (eds), How Media Inform Democracy: A Comparative Approach. New York: Routledge.
- Morgan, M., & Shanahan, J. (2010). The State of Cultivation. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 54(2):337-355. DOI: 10.1080/08838151003735018.
- Mosharafa, E. (2015). All you Need to Know About: The Cultivation Theory. Global Journal of Human-Social Science, 15(8), 22-37.
- Norris, P. (2000). A Virtuous Circle? Political Communications in Post-Industrial Democracies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- O'Keefe, D. J. (2002). Persuasion: Theory & research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
- O'Keefe, G. (1980). Political malaise and reliance on media. Journalism Quarterly, 57(1),122- 128
- Oskarson, M. (2007). Social risk, policy dissatisfaction and political alienation:A comparison of six European countries. In S. S. (ed.), The political sociology of the welfare state:Institutions, social cleavages and orientations. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
- Patterson, T. (2003). The Vanishing Voter. New York: Vintage.
- Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). The Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion. New York: Springer.
- Prior, M. (2007). Post-broadcast democracy: How media choice increases inequality in political involvement and polarizes elections. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Prior, M. (2008). The Development of Political Interest. Paper presented at the 104th annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, 28-31 August. Boston, MA.
- Putnam, R. (2000). Bowling Alone. New York: Simon and Schuste.
- Rieh, S., & Danielson, D. (2007). Credibility: A multidisciplinary framework. In B. C. (Ed.), Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (pp. Vol. 41, 307-364). Information Today, Inc.
- Robinson, M. (1976). Public affairs television and the growth of political malaise: The case of 'Selling the Pentagon'. American Political Science Review, 70(2), 409-432.
- Self, C. (1996). Credibility. In M. S. (Eds.), An integrated approach to communication theory and research. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Shrum, L. (2007). Cultivation and Social Cognition. In Communication and Social Cognition: Theories and Methods. Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Slater, M., & Rouner, D. (1996). How message evaluation and source attributes may influence credibility assessment and belief change. Journalism and Mass Communication Quaterly, 73, 974-991.
- Verba, S., Burns, N., & Schlozman, K. (1997). Knowing and caring about politics: Gender and political engagement. Journal of Politics, 59(4), 1051-1072
- Aarts, K., & Semetko, H. (2003). The divided electorate: Media use and political involvement. Journal of Politics, 65, 759-784.
- Ansolabehere, S., & Iyengar, S. (1995). Going Negative. New York: Free Press.
- Belkin, N. (1978). Information concepts for information science. Journal of Documentation, 34, 55-85.
- Buckland, M. (1991). Information as thing. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 42, 351-360.
- Burgoon, J., Bonito, J., Bengtsson, B., Cederberg, C., Lundeberg, M., & Allspach, L. (2000). Interactivity in human-computer interaction:A study of credibility, understanding, and influence. Computers in Human Behavior, 16, 553-574.
- Capella, J., & Jamieson, K. (1997). Spiral of Cynicism. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Cappella, J., & Jamieson, K. (1997). Spiral of cynicism: The press and the public good. New York: Oxford University Press
- Carpini, D., MX, & Keeter, S. (1996). What Americans know about politics and why it matters. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
- Critchfield, R. (1998). Credibility and web site design http://www.warner.edu/critchfield/hci/critchfie ld.html
- De Vreese, C. (2005). The spiral of cynicism reconsidered: The mobilizing function of news. European Journal of Communication, 20(3), 283-301.
- De Vreese, C., & Boomgaarden, H. (2006). News, political knowledge and participation: The differential effects of news media exposure on political knowledge and participation. Acta Politica, 41, 317-341.
- Dervin, B. (1977). Useful theory for librarianship: Communication not information. Drexel Library Quarterly, 13, 16-32.
- Eveland, W., & Scheufele, D. (2000). Connecting news media use with gaps in knowledge and participation. Political Communication, 17(3), 215-237.
- Fogg, B. (1999). Persuasive technologies - Now is your chance to decide what they will persuade us to do-and how they'll do it. Communications of the ACM, 42, 26-29.
- Fogg, B., & Tseng, H. (1999). The elements of computer credibility. Paper presented at the Conference on Human Factors and Computing Systems, Pittsburgh, PA May 15-20, 1999.
- Fogg, B., Marshall, J., Laraki, O., Osipovich, A., Varma, C., Fang, N., et al. (2000). Elements that affect Web credibility: Early results from a self-report study.
- Grabe, M. E., Lang, A., & Zhao, X. (2003). News content and form: Implications for memory and audience evaluations. Communication Research, 30(4), 387-413.
- Graber, D. (1993). Political communication: Scope, progress, promise. Political Science:The State of Discipline. Washington: APSA, 306.
- Fladmore, A., & Stromback, J. (2012). media, political trust, and political knowledge: A comparative perspective. In A. T. (eds), How Media Inform Democracy: A Comparative Approach. New York: Routledge.
- Morgan, M., & Shanahan, J. (2010). The State of Cultivation. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 54(2):337-355. DOI: 10.1080/08838151003735018.
- Mosharafa, E. (2015). All you Need to Know About: The Cultivation Theory. Global Journal of Human-Social Science, 15(8), 22-37.
- Norris, P. (2000). A Virtuous Circle? Political Communications in Post-Industrial Democracies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- O'Keefe, D. J. (2002). Persuasion: Theory & research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
- O'Keefe, G. (1980). Political malaise and reliance on media. Journalism Quarterly, 57(1),122- 128
- Oskarson, M. (2007). Social risk, policy dissatisfaction and political alienation:A comparison of six European countries. In S. S. (ed.), The political sociology of the welfare state:Institutions, social cleavages and orientations. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
- Patterson, T. (2003). The Vanishing Voter. New York: Vintage.
- Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). The Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion. New York: Springer.
- Prior, M. (2007). Post-broadcast democracy: How media choice increases inequality in political involvement and polarizes elections. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Prior, M. (2008). The Development of Political Interest. Paper presented at the 104th annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, 28-31 August. Boston, MA.
- Putnam, R. (2000). Bowling Alone. New York: Simon and Schuste.
- Rieh, S., & Danielson, D. (2007). Credibility: A multidisciplinary framework. In B. C. (Ed.), Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (pp. Vol. 41, 307-364). Information Today, Inc.
- Robinson, M. (1976). Public affairs television and the growth of political malaise: The case of 'Selling the Pentagon'. American Political Science Review, 70(2), 409-432.
- Self, C. (1996). Credibility. In M. S. (Eds.), An integrated approach to communication theory and research. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Shrum, L. (2007). Cultivation and Social Cognition. In Communication and Social Cognition: Theories and Methods. Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Slater, M., & Rouner, D. (1996). How message evaluation and source attributes may influence credibility assessment and belief change. Journalism and Mass Communication Quaterly, 73, 974-991.
- Verba, S., Burns, N., & Schlozman, K. (1997). Knowing and caring about politics: Gender and political engagement. Journal of Politics, 59(4), 1051-1072
Cite this article
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APA : Amin, S., Rehman, M., & Bajwa, A. (2021). Role Of Independent Media in Promoting Governance and Effective Policymaking Process In Pakistan. Global Multimedia Review, IV(I), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.31703/gmmr.2021(IV-I).01
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CHICAGO : Amin, Salman, Muhammad Rehman, and Amir Bajwa. 2021. "Role Of Independent Media in Promoting Governance and Effective Policymaking Process In Pakistan." Global Multimedia Review, IV (I): 1-7 doi: 10.31703/gmmr.2021(IV-I).01
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HARVARD : AMIN, S., REHMAN, M. & BAJWA, A. 2021. Role Of Independent Media in Promoting Governance and Effective Policymaking Process In Pakistan. Global Multimedia Review, IV, 1-7.
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MHRA : Amin, Salman, Muhammad Rehman, and Amir Bajwa. 2021. "Role Of Independent Media in Promoting Governance and Effective Policymaking Process In Pakistan." Global Multimedia Review, IV: 1-7
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MLA : Amin, Salman, Muhammad Rehman, and Amir Bajwa. "Role Of Independent Media in Promoting Governance and Effective Policymaking Process In Pakistan." Global Multimedia Review, IV.I (2021): 1-7 Print.
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OXFORD : Amin, Salman, Rehman, Muhammad, and Bajwa, Amir (2021), "Role Of Independent Media in Promoting Governance and Effective Policymaking Process In Pakistan", Global Multimedia Review, IV (I), 1-7
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TURABIAN : Amin, Salman, Muhammad Rehman, and Amir Bajwa. "Role Of Independent Media in Promoting Governance and Effective Policymaking Process In Pakistan." Global Multimedia Review IV, no. I (2021): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.31703/gmmr.2021(IV-I).01