VISUAL CONTENT ANALYSIS OF VICTIMHOOD IN CONFLICTS IN KASHMIR AND YEMEN

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gmmr.2022(V-I).02      10.31703/gmmr.2022(V-I).02      Published : Dec 1
Authored by : Ayesha Alam , Anam Nazeer , Muqaddas Naz

02 Pages : 14-23

References

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  • Al Naami, A., & Moodley, S. (2017). We Won't Wait: As war ravages Yemen, its women strive to build peace. http://hdl.handle.net/10546/620182
  • Andén-Papadopoulos, K. (2008). The Abu Ghraib torture photographs: News frames, visual culture, and the power of images. Journalism, 9(1), 5-30. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884907084337
  • Ardèvol-Abreu, A. (2015). Framing theory in communication research. Origins, development and current situation in Spain. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, (70). https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2015-1053
  • Bagdikian, B. H., Badii, N., Artz, L., Botha, N., Chitty, N., Cowan, G., & Karim, K. H. (2004). War, media, and propaganda: A global perspective. Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Bahador, B. (2011). Mapping the Enemy Image through Different Conflict Stages. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6307
  • Baumann, H. C., Zheng, P., & McCombs, M. (2018). First and second-level agenda-setting in the 2014 Indian general election: a time- series analysis of party-media relation. Asian Journal of Communication, 28(2), 205-226. https://doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2017.1390773
  • Becker, J. (2004). Contributions by the media to crisis prevention and conflict settlement. Conflict & communication online, 3(1/2), 1-17.
  • Behera, N. C. (2016). The Kashmir conflict: Multiple fault lines. Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs, 3(1), 41-63. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48602133
  • Bell, M. (1997). TV News: how far should we go?. British journalism review, 8(1), 7-16. https://doi.org/10.1177/095647489700800102
  • Bernstein, C. (1992). The idiot culture. The New Republic, 8, 22-28
  • Bratić, V. (2006). Media effects during violent conflict: Evaluating media contributions to peace building. Conflict & Communication, 5(1). http://www.cco.regener-online.de/
  • Brüggemann, M. (2014). Between Frame Setting and Frame Sending: How Journalists Contribute to News Frames. Communication Theory. 24. https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12027
  • Burki, S. J. (2007). Kashmir: A problem in search of a solution. United States Institute of Peace.
  • Butler, J. (2007). Torture and the Ethics of Photography. Environment and Planning D: Society and space, 25(6), 951-966. https://doi.org/10.1068/d2506jb
  • Carpenter, R. C. (2005). “Women, children and other vulnerable groups”: gender, strategic frames and the protection of civilians as a transnational issue. International Studies Quarterly, 49(2), 295-334. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3693516
  • Cartwright, J. (2006). Musharraf's Waziristan deal: shrewd strategy or tacit surrender?. Afghan Digital Libraries.
  • Chomsky, N., Mowlana, H., Gerbner, G., & Schiller, H. (1992). The media and the war: what war?. Triumph of the image: The media's war in the Persian Gulf—a global perspective, 51-63
  • Chouliaraki, L. (2006). The spectatorship of suffering. Sage
  • Chouliaraki, L., Orwicz, M., & Greeley, R. (2019). The visual politics of the human. 18(3), https://doi.org/10.1177/1470357219846405
  • Cooke, M. G., & Woollacott, A. (Eds.). (2014). Gendering war talk. Princeton University Press. Dawn News. (25 January 2020). In Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_News
  • Dingli, S. (2013). Is the failed state thesis analytically useful? The case of Yemen. Politics, 33(2), 91-100. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467- 9256.2012.01453.x
  • Donohue, G. A., Olien, C. N., & Tichenor, P. J. (1985). Reporting conflict by pluralism, newspaper type and ownership. Journalism Quarterly, 62(3), 489-499. https://doi.org/10.1177/10776990850620030
  • Druckman, J. N. (2001). The implications of framing effects for citizen competence. Political behavior, 23(3), 225- 256. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015006907312
  • Entman, R. M. (1991). Framing US coverage of international news: Contrasts in narratives of the KAL and Iran Air incidents. Journal of communication, 41(4), 6-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1991.tb02328.x
  • Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of communication, 43(4), 51-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
  • Entman, R. M. (2003). Cascading activation: Contesting the White House's frame after 9/11. Political Communication,, 20(4), 415- 432. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600390244176
  • Fahmy, S. (2004). Picturing Afghan women: A content analysis of AP wire photographs during the Taliban regime and after the fall of the Taliban regime. Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands), 66(2), 91-112. https://doi.org/10.1177/0016549204041472
  • Fahmy, S. (2005). Emerging alternatives or traditional news gates: Which news sources were used to picture the 9/11 attack and the Afghan War?. Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands), 67(5), 381-398. https://doi.org/10.1177/001654920505604
  • Fahmy, S. (2010). Contrasting visual frames of our times: A framing analysis of English-and Arabic-language press coverage of war and terrorism. International Communication Gazette, 72(8), 695-717. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048510380801
  • Fahmy, S., & Neumann, R. (2012). Shooting war or peace photographs? An examination of newswires’ coverage of the conflict in Gaza (2008-2009). American Behavioral Scientist, 56(2), NP1-NP26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764211419355
  • Hayat, N., & Juliana, A. W. (2016). A Comparative Analysis of Pakistani English Newspaper Editorials: The Case of Taliban's Attack on Malala Yousafzai. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 24(3)
  • Herman, E., & Chomsky, N. (1988). Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of Mass Media, New York: Pantheon.
  • Heuer, C. A., McClure, K. J., & Puhl, R. M. (2011). Obesity stigma in online news: a visual content analysis. Journal of health communication, 16(9), 976-987. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2011.561915
  • Holt, M. (2020). The Worst Place on Earth to be a Woman: Violence against Yemeni Women in Peace and War. Gender and Women's Studies.
  • Hume, M. (1997). Whose war is it anyway? The dangers of the journalism of attachment. https://doi.org/10.31532/GendWomensStud.3.1.002
  • Hussain, S. (2014). Reporting on terror: Why are the voices of peace unheard?. Conflict & Communication, 13(2).
  • Hussain, S., & Lynch, J. (2019). Identifying peace- oriented media strategies for deadly conflicts in Pakistan. Information Development, 35(5), 703-713. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266666918784122
  • Hussain, S., & Munawar, A. (2017). Analysis of Pakistan print media narrative on the war on terror. International Journal of Crisis Communication, 1(1), 38-47.
  • Iqbal, M. Z., & Hussain, S. (2017). Conflict and Peace Journalism. Strategic Studies, 37(2), 90- 108.
  • Jakobsen, P. V. (2000). Focus on the CNN effect misses the point: The real media impact on conflict management is invisible and indirect. Journal of Peace Research, 37(2), 131-143. https://www.jstor.org/stable/424916
  • Jewitt, C., & Oyama, R. (2001). Visual meaning: A social semiotic approach. Handbook of visual analysis, 134, 156.
  • Jewitt, C., & Van Leeuwen, T. (Eds.). (2001). Handbook of visual analysis. London: Sage Publications.
  • Kempf, W. (1997). Latent Styles of German Newspaper Coverage of Allied Prisoners of War During the Gulf War. https://url.org/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-opus-82212
  • Kempf, W. (1999). Deescalation-oriented conflict coverage?: The Northern Ireland and Israeli- Palestinian peace processes in the German press.
  • Khan, A. A. (2002). Terrorism and Asymmetrical Warfare International and Regional Implications. http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/february/terrorism.htm
  • Khan, A. (2019). War or Peace Journalism: Exploring News Framing of Kashmir Conflict in DAWN Newspaper
  • Kiousis, S., & McCombs, M. (2004). Agenda- setting effects and attitude strength: Political figures during the 1996 presidential election. Communication Research, 31(1), 36- 57. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650203260205
  • Kothari, A. (2010). The framing of the Darfur conflict in the New York Times: 2003– 2006. Journalism Studies, 11(2), 209-224. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700903481978
  • Lavrakas, P. J. (2008). Encyclopedia of survey research methods. Sage Publications.
  • Leckner, S. (2007). Is the medium the message?: The impact of digital media on the newspaper concept (Doctoral dissertation, KTH).
  • Lee, S. T., & Maslog, C. C. (2005). War or peace journalism? Asian newspaper coverage of conflicts. Journal of communication, 55(2), 311-329. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2005.tb02674.x
  • Lemish, D. (2005). Guest editor's introduction: The media gendering of war and conflict. Feminist Media Studies, 5(3), 275-280. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680770500271628
  • Lynch, J. (2001). Iraq, peace journalism and the construction of truth. Media Development, 48, 22-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884912470313
  • Lynn, M., Shavitt, S., & Ostrom, T. (1985). Effects of pictures on the organization and recall of social information. Journal of personality and social psychology, 49(5), 1160. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.49.5.1160
  • Malik, S., & Iqbal, Z. (2010). Construction of Taliban image in Pakistan: Discourse analysis of editorials of Dawn and The News. China Media Research Journal, 7(2), 46-56. http://www.chinamediaresearch.net
  • Mandell, L. M., & Shaw, D. L. (1973). Judging people in the news—unconsciously: Effect of camera angle and bodily activity. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 17(3), 353- 362. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838157309363698
  • Maoz, I., & McCauley, C. (2008). Threat, dehumanization, and support for retaliatory aggressive policies in asymmetric conflict. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 52(1), 93-116. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002707308597
  • McCombes, M., Lopez-Escobar, E., & Llamas, J. P. (2000). Setting the agenda of attributes in the 1996 Spanish general election. Journal of communication, 50(2), 77-92. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02842.x
  • Messaris, P., & Abraham, L. (2001). The role of images in framing news stories. In Framing public life (pp. 231-242). Routledge.
  • Mitchell, W. T. (1995). Picture theory: Essays on verbal and visual representation. University of Chicago Press. Neumann, R., & Fahm
  • Neumann, R., & Fahmy, S. (2012). Analyzing the spell of war: A war/peace framing analysis of the 2009 visual coverage of the Sri Lankan civil war in western newswires. Mass Communication and Society, 15(2), 169-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2011.583192
  • Paivio, A., & Csapo, K. (1973). Picture superiority in free recall: Imagery or dual coding?. Cognitive psychology, 5(2), 176-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(73)90032-7
  • Pan, Z., & Kosicki, G. M. (1993). Framing analysis: An approach to news discourse. Political communication, 10(1), 55-75. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.1993.9962963
  • Parry, K. (2010). A visual framing analysis of British press photography during the 2006 Israel- Lebanon conflict. Media, War & Conflict, 3(1), 67-85. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635210353679
  • Peshimam, G. (2013). Media-powered democracy: how media support has been pivotal to Pakistan’s latest democratization project. Reuteurs Institute Fellowship Paper, University Of Oxford.
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  • Al Naami, A., & Moodley, S. (2017). We Won't Wait: As war ravages Yemen, its women strive to build peace. http://hdl.handle.net/10546/620182
  • Andén-Papadopoulos, K. (2008). The Abu Ghraib torture photographs: News frames, visual culture, and the power of images. Journalism, 9(1), 5-30. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884907084337
  • Ardèvol-Abreu, A. (2015). Framing theory in communication research. Origins, development and current situation in Spain. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, (70). https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2015-1053
  • Bagdikian, B. H., Badii, N., Artz, L., Botha, N., Chitty, N., Cowan, G., & Karim, K. H. (2004). War, media, and propaganda: A global perspective. Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Bahador, B. (2011). Mapping the Enemy Image through Different Conflict Stages. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6307
  • Baumann, H. C., Zheng, P., & McCombs, M. (2018). First and second-level agenda-setting in the 2014 Indian general election: a time- series analysis of party-media relation. Asian Journal of Communication, 28(2), 205-226. https://doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2017.1390773
  • Becker, J. (2004). Contributions by the media to crisis prevention and conflict settlement. Conflict & communication online, 3(1/2), 1-17.
  • Behera, N. C. (2016). The Kashmir conflict: Multiple fault lines. Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs, 3(1), 41-63. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48602133
  • Bell, M. (1997). TV News: how far should we go?. British journalism review, 8(1), 7-16. https://doi.org/10.1177/095647489700800102
  • Bernstein, C. (1992). The idiot culture. The New Republic, 8, 22-28
  • Bratić, V. (2006). Media effects during violent conflict: Evaluating media contributions to peace building. Conflict & Communication, 5(1). http://www.cco.regener-online.de/
  • Brüggemann, M. (2014). Between Frame Setting and Frame Sending: How Journalists Contribute to News Frames. Communication Theory. 24. https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12027
  • Burki, S. J. (2007). Kashmir: A problem in search of a solution. United States Institute of Peace.
  • Butler, J. (2007). Torture and the Ethics of Photography. Environment and Planning D: Society and space, 25(6), 951-966. https://doi.org/10.1068/d2506jb
  • Carpenter, R. C. (2005). “Women, children and other vulnerable groups”: gender, strategic frames and the protection of civilians as a transnational issue. International Studies Quarterly, 49(2), 295-334. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3693516
  • Cartwright, J. (2006). Musharraf's Waziristan deal: shrewd strategy or tacit surrender?. Afghan Digital Libraries.
  • Chomsky, N., Mowlana, H., Gerbner, G., & Schiller, H. (1992). The media and the war: what war?. Triumph of the image: The media's war in the Persian Gulf—a global perspective, 51-63
  • Chouliaraki, L. (2006). The spectatorship of suffering. Sage
  • Chouliaraki, L., Orwicz, M., & Greeley, R. (2019). The visual politics of the human. 18(3), https://doi.org/10.1177/1470357219846405
  • Cooke, M. G., & Woollacott, A. (Eds.). (2014). Gendering war talk. Princeton University Press. Dawn News. (25 January 2020). In Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_News
  • Dingli, S. (2013). Is the failed state thesis analytically useful? The case of Yemen. Politics, 33(2), 91-100. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467- 9256.2012.01453.x
  • Donohue, G. A., Olien, C. N., & Tichenor, P. J. (1985). Reporting conflict by pluralism, newspaper type and ownership. Journalism Quarterly, 62(3), 489-499. https://doi.org/10.1177/10776990850620030
  • Druckman, J. N. (2001). The implications of framing effects for citizen competence. Political behavior, 23(3), 225- 256. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015006907312
  • Entman, R. M. (1991). Framing US coverage of international news: Contrasts in narratives of the KAL and Iran Air incidents. Journal of communication, 41(4), 6-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1991.tb02328.x
  • Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of communication, 43(4), 51-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
  • Entman, R. M. (2003). Cascading activation: Contesting the White House's frame after 9/11. Political Communication,, 20(4), 415- 432. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600390244176
  • Fahmy, S. (2004). Picturing Afghan women: A content analysis of AP wire photographs during the Taliban regime and after the fall of the Taliban regime. Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands), 66(2), 91-112. https://doi.org/10.1177/0016549204041472
  • Fahmy, S. (2005). Emerging alternatives or traditional news gates: Which news sources were used to picture the 9/11 attack and the Afghan War?. Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands), 67(5), 381-398. https://doi.org/10.1177/001654920505604
  • Fahmy, S. (2010). Contrasting visual frames of our times: A framing analysis of English-and Arabic-language press coverage of war and terrorism. International Communication Gazette, 72(8), 695-717. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048510380801
  • Fahmy, S., & Neumann, R. (2012). Shooting war or peace photographs? An examination of newswires’ coverage of the conflict in Gaza (2008-2009). American Behavioral Scientist, 56(2), NP1-NP26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764211419355
  • Hayat, N., & Juliana, A. W. (2016). A Comparative Analysis of Pakistani English Newspaper Editorials: The Case of Taliban's Attack on Malala Yousafzai. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 24(3)
  • Herman, E., & Chomsky, N. (1988). Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of Mass Media, New York: Pantheon.
  • Heuer, C. A., McClure, K. J., & Puhl, R. M. (2011). Obesity stigma in online news: a visual content analysis. Journal of health communication, 16(9), 976-987. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2011.561915
  • Holt, M. (2020). The Worst Place on Earth to be a Woman: Violence against Yemeni Women in Peace and War. Gender and Women's Studies.
  • Hume, M. (1997). Whose war is it anyway? The dangers of the journalism of attachment. https://doi.org/10.31532/GendWomensStud.3.1.002
  • Hussain, S. (2014). Reporting on terror: Why are the voices of peace unheard?. Conflict & Communication, 13(2).
  • Hussain, S., & Lynch, J. (2019). Identifying peace- oriented media strategies for deadly conflicts in Pakistan. Information Development, 35(5), 703-713. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266666918784122
  • Hussain, S., & Munawar, A. (2017). Analysis of Pakistan print media narrative on the war on terror. International Journal of Crisis Communication, 1(1), 38-47.
  • Iqbal, M. Z., & Hussain, S. (2017). Conflict and Peace Journalism. Strategic Studies, 37(2), 90- 108.
  • Jakobsen, P. V. (2000). Focus on the CNN effect misses the point: The real media impact on conflict management is invisible and indirect. Journal of Peace Research, 37(2), 131-143. https://www.jstor.org/stable/424916
  • Jewitt, C., & Oyama, R. (2001). Visual meaning: A social semiotic approach. Handbook of visual analysis, 134, 156.
  • Jewitt, C., & Van Leeuwen, T. (Eds.). (2001). Handbook of visual analysis. London: Sage Publications.
  • Kempf, W. (1997). Latent Styles of German Newspaper Coverage of Allied Prisoners of War During the Gulf War. https://url.org/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-opus-82212
  • Kempf, W. (1999). Deescalation-oriented conflict coverage?: The Northern Ireland and Israeli- Palestinian peace processes in the German press.
  • Khan, A. A. (2002). Terrorism and Asymmetrical Warfare International and Regional Implications. http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/february/terrorism.htm
  • Khan, A. (2019). War or Peace Journalism: Exploring News Framing of Kashmir Conflict in DAWN Newspaper
  • Kiousis, S., & McCombs, M. (2004). Agenda- setting effects and attitude strength: Political figures during the 1996 presidential election. Communication Research, 31(1), 36- 57. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650203260205
  • Kothari, A. (2010). The framing of the Darfur conflict in the New York Times: 2003– 2006. Journalism Studies, 11(2), 209-224. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700903481978
  • Lavrakas, P. J. (2008). Encyclopedia of survey research methods. Sage Publications.
  • Leckner, S. (2007). Is the medium the message?: The impact of digital media on the newspaper concept (Doctoral dissertation, KTH).
  • Lee, S. T., & Maslog, C. C. (2005). War or peace journalism? Asian newspaper coverage of conflicts. Journal of communication, 55(2), 311-329. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2005.tb02674.x
  • Lemish, D. (2005). Guest editor's introduction: The media gendering of war and conflict. Feminist Media Studies, 5(3), 275-280. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680770500271628
  • Lynch, J. (2001). Iraq, peace journalism and the construction of truth. Media Development, 48, 22-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884912470313
  • Lynn, M., Shavitt, S., & Ostrom, T. (1985). Effects of pictures on the organization and recall of social information. Journal of personality and social psychology, 49(5), 1160. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.49.5.1160
  • Malik, S., & Iqbal, Z. (2010). Construction of Taliban image in Pakistan: Discourse analysis of editorials of Dawn and The News. China Media Research Journal, 7(2), 46-56. http://www.chinamediaresearch.net
  • Mandell, L. M., & Shaw, D. L. (1973). Judging people in the news—unconsciously: Effect of camera angle and bodily activity. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 17(3), 353- 362. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838157309363698
  • Maoz, I., & McCauley, C. (2008). Threat, dehumanization, and support for retaliatory aggressive policies in asymmetric conflict. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 52(1), 93-116. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002707308597
  • McCombes, M., Lopez-Escobar, E., & Llamas, J. P. (2000). Setting the agenda of attributes in the 1996 Spanish general election. Journal of communication, 50(2), 77-92. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02842.x
  • Messaris, P., & Abraham, L. (2001). The role of images in framing news stories. In Framing public life (pp. 231-242). Routledge.
  • Mitchell, W. T. (1995). Picture theory: Essays on verbal and visual representation. University of Chicago Press. Neumann, R., & Fahm
  • Neumann, R., & Fahmy, S. (2012). Analyzing the spell of war: A war/peace framing analysis of the 2009 visual coverage of the Sri Lankan civil war in western newswires. Mass Communication and Society, 15(2), 169-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2011.583192
  • Paivio, A., & Csapo, K. (1973). Picture superiority in free recall: Imagery or dual coding?. Cognitive psychology, 5(2), 176-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(73)90032-7
  • Pan, Z., & Kosicki, G. M. (1993). Framing analysis: An approach to news discourse. Political communication, 10(1), 55-75. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.1993.9962963
  • Parry, K. (2010). A visual framing analysis of British press photography during the 2006 Israel- Lebanon conflict. Media, War & Conflict, 3(1), 67-85. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635210353679
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Cite this article

    CHICAGO : Alam, Ayesha, Anam Nazeer, and Muqaddas Naz. 2022. "Visual Content Analysis of Victimhood in Conflicts in Kashmir and Yemen." Global Multimedia Review, V (I): 14-23 doi: 10.31703/gmmr.2022(V-I).02
    HARVARD : ALAM, A., NAZEER, A. & NAZ, M. 2022. Visual Content Analysis of Victimhood in Conflicts in Kashmir and Yemen. Global Multimedia Review, V, 14-23.
    MHRA : Alam, Ayesha, Anam Nazeer, and Muqaddas Naz. 2022. "Visual Content Analysis of Victimhood in Conflicts in Kashmir and Yemen." Global Multimedia Review, V: 14-23
    MLA : Alam, Ayesha, Anam Nazeer, and Muqaddas Naz. "Visual Content Analysis of Victimhood in Conflicts in Kashmir and Yemen." Global Multimedia Review, V.I (2022): 14-23 Print.
    OXFORD : Alam, Ayesha, Nazeer, Anam, and Naz, Muqaddas (2022), "Visual Content Analysis of Victimhood in Conflicts in Kashmir and Yemen", Global Multimedia Review, V (I), 14-23
    TURABIAN : Alam, Ayesha, Anam Nazeer, and Muqaddas Naz. "Visual Content Analysis of Victimhood in Conflicts in Kashmir and Yemen." Global Multimedia Review V, no. I (2022): 14-23. https://doi.org/10.31703/gmmr.2022(V-I).02